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E-learning book

Biology


I. Fundamentals of Biology


I.1. Basic concepts of biology

An organism is a hierarchy of complex systems. By organizing simple systems in the body, new, previously inaccessible, opportunities appear. With each new level, unpredictable opportunities appear.

I.2. Biological systematics

Reviewing the accumulated knowledge about living organisms, it becomes possible to identify special features in each living organism

II. Fundamentals of Biochemistry

In living organisms, for the most part, there are four types of organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins (proteins) and nucleic acids. The main composition is carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, proteins also contain nitrogen and sulfur, nucleic acids and lipids contain nitrogen and phosphorus.


II.1. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, or sugars, are the main carriers of energy. Other macromolecules also consist of sugars

II.2. Lipids

Known as fat. They store energy and protect us from the cold. Tightly packed sugar in the body

II.3. Proteins

Proteins are the most common element in the body, form tissues, and also regulate many processes in our organzyme

II.4. Nucleic acids

Keepers and distributors of genetic information are the calling card of a living organism, the basis of our existence is DNA

III. Cell Biology

Cytology is a branch of biology that studies living cells, their organelles, their structure, functioning, processes of cellular reproduction, aging and death.


III.1. Cellular theory

The theory that became the basis for the study of living organisms

III.2. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

There are two types of cells - ancient prokaryotes and more modern eukaryotes

III.3. Plasma membrane

A layer of molecules that ensures the integrity of the cell