Germanium Ge
Germanium is the 32 element in periodic table situated in 4 period.| Symbol | Ge |
| Number | 32 |
| Atomic weight | 72.6300000 |
| Latin name | Germanium |
| English name | Germanium |
Electronic configuration of of Germanium
Ge: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2
Short notation:
Ge: [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p2
Same electronic configuration has an atom of Germanium and Se+2, Br+3
The order of filling the shells with electrons of Germanium (Ge): 1s → 2s → 2p → 3s → 3p → 4s → 3d → 4p → 5s → 4d → 5p → 6s → 4f → 5d → 6p → 7s → 5f → 6d → 7p.
On the sub level ‘s’ there might be 2 electrons at most, on ‘p’ - up to 6, on ‘d’ - up to 10 and up to 14 on ‘f’
Germanium has 32 electrons, let's fill electronic layers in described order:
2 electrons on 1s-sub level
2 electrons on 2s-sub level
6 electrons on 2p-sub level
2 electrons on 3s-sub level
6 electrons on 3p-sub level
2 electrons on 4s-sub level
10 electrons on 3d-sub level
2 electrons on 4p-sub level
Oxidation state of Germanium
Atoms of Germanium in compounds have an oxidation state of 4, 3, 2, 1.
The oxidation state is the conditional charge of an atom in a compound: the bond in a molecule between atoms is based on the sharing of electrons, thus, if the atom’s charge virtually increases, then the oxidation state is negative (electrons carry a negative charge), if the charge decreases, then the oxidation state is positive.
Ions of Germanium
Valence of Ge
Atoms of Germanium in compounds have valence IV, III, II, I.
Valence of Germanium is an ability of an atom Ge to build chemical bounds. The valence is based on electronic configuration of atom: electrons participated in chemical bounds are known as valence electrons. In general the valence is:
The number of possible chemical bounds with other atoms
The valence has no sign.
Quantum numbers Ge
Quantum numbers are defined by the last electron in configuration, for an atom Ge these numbers are N = 4, L = 1, Ml = 0, Ms = +½
Filling an electronic configuration (gif):
Result:
Ionization energy
The closer the electron is to the center of the atom, the more energy is needed to tear it off. The energy spent on removing an electron from an atom is called ionization energy and is designated Eo. Unless otherwise stated, the ionization energy is the energy of removal of the first electron, and there are also ionization energies for each subsequent electron.
Ionization energy of Ge:
Eo = 762 kJ/mol
See all elements of the periodic table
Where is Ge in the periodic table?
