Thorium Th
Thorium is the 90 element in periodic table situated in 9 period.| Symbol | Th |
| Number | 90 |
| Atomic weight | 232.0377000 |
| Latin name | Thorium |
| English name | Thorium |
Electronic configuration of of Thorium
Th: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 6d2
Short notation:
Th: [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 6d2
Same electronic configuration has an atom of Thorium and U+2, Np+3, Pu+4, Am+5, Cm+6
The order of filling the shells with electrons of Thorium (Th): 1s → 2s → 2p → 3s → 3p → 4s → 3d → 4p → 5s → 4d → 5p → 6s → 4f → 5d → 6p → 7s → 5f → 6d → 7p.
On the sub level ‘s’ there might be 2 electrons at most, on ‘p’ - up to 6, on ‘d’ - up to 10 and up to 14 on ‘f’
Thorium has 90 electrons, let's fill electronic layers in described order:
2 electrons on 1s-sub level
2 electrons on 2s-sub level
6 electrons on 2p-sub level
2 electrons on 3s-sub level
6 electrons on 3p-sub level
2 electrons on 4s-sub level
10 electrons on 3d-sub level
6 electrons on 4p-sub level
2 electrons on 5s-sub level
10 electrons on 4d-sub level
6 electrons on 5p-sub level
2 electrons on 6s-sub level
14 electrons on 4f-sub level
10 electrons on 5d-sub level
6 electrons on 6p-sub level
2 electrons on 7s-sub level
2 electrons on 6d-sub level
Oxidation state of Thorium
Atoms of Thorium in compounds have an oxidation state of 4, 3, 2.
The oxidation state is the conditional charge of an atom in a compound: the bond in a molecule between atoms is based on the sharing of electrons, thus, if the atom’s charge virtually increases, then the oxidation state is negative (electrons carry a negative charge), if the charge decreases, then the oxidation state is positive.
Ions of Thorium
Valence of Th
Atoms of Thorium in compounds have valence IV, III, II.
Valence of Thorium is an ability of an atom Th to build chemical bounds. The valence is based on electronic configuration of atom: electrons participated in chemical bounds are known as valence electrons. In general the valence is:
The number of possible chemical bounds with other atoms
The valence has no sign.
Quantum numbers Th
Quantum numbers are defined by the last electron in configuration, for an atom Th these numbers are N = 6, L = 2, Ml = -1, Ms = +½
Filling an electronic configuration (gif):
Result:
Ionization energy
The closer the electron is to the center of the atom, the more energy is needed to tear it off. The energy spent on removing an electron from an atom is called ionization energy and is designated Eo. Unless otherwise stated, the ionization energy is the energy of removal of the first electron, and there are also ionization energies for each subsequent electron.
Ionization energy of Th:
Eo = 587 kJ/mol
See all elements of the periodic table
Where is Th in the periodic table?
